Palynological analysis of Dennstaedtiaceae taxa from the Paranaense Phytogeografic Province that produce monolete spores and its systematic implications (I): Blotiella lindeniana, Histiopteris incisa and Paesia glandulosa

ABSTRACT The genera of Dennstaedtiaceae have sporophytes with very different morphological characteristics between each other, and this feature has made difficult the systematic circumscription of the family. This reason makes necessary the study of new characters that allow a better understanding of the relations within the group. The spore morphology and wall structure of Blotiella lindeniana, Histiopteris incisa and Paesia glandulosa from the Paranaense Phytogeographic Province were studied using light microscope, and scanning and transmission electron microscope. The exospore has two layers and, according to the species, the exospore surface bears pila, echinae, verrucae, bacula and tubercles. The perispore has two or three layers and its surface is psilate, baculate or rugulate. The variability found in the sculpture of the spores and their stratification and ultrastructure of perispore reflects the morphological differences observed in the sporophyte of the species studied. Additionally, while the stratification and ultrastructure of the exospore is shared by the Dennstaedtiaceae species, their ornamentation could be a character to distinguish species into the clade "hypolepidoide". The finding of spores with similar characteristics in phylogenetically unrelated families allows us to suggest that palynological features do not have an evolutionary value to establish relationships between groups above the genus level.

Palynological analysis of Sphaeropteris gardneri (Cyatheaceae, Pteridophyta)

The spore morphology and wall ultrastructure of Sphaeropteris gardneri (Hook.) R.M. Tryon from Brazil were analyzed with LM, SEM and TEM. The spores are trilete with an ornamentation formed of short low ridges with spines in their margins. The exospore is 2.5μm thick, two- layered in section and single or branched channels are present. The perispore is 1.2μm thick and two-layered. The inner layer has three strata: the inner stratum is formed of a network of branched and fused threads, the middle stratum has threads with a radial orientation and in the outer stratum thin, dark fibres are immersed in a less dense contrasted matrix. The outer layer of the perispore is the one that forms the echinate-ridges and is constituted of threads arranged in a compact way. Globules of different sizes are observed on the surface. The differences found in the perispore ornamentation and ultrastructure in Alsophila, which was previously studied, and those of Sphaeropteris, show a tendency to wall complexity.

A morfologia dos esporos e a ultraestrutura da parede de Sphaeropteris gardneri (Hook.) R.M. Tryon, Brasil, foram analisadas com MO, MEV e MET. Os esporos são trilete com uma ornamentação formada por cristas curtas e baixas e com espinhos em suas margens. O exosporo possui 2,5μm de espessura, duas camadas em secção e estão presentes canais simples ou ramificados. A camada interna possui três estratos: o estrato interno é formado por uma rede de filamentos ramificados e fusionados, o estrato médio tem fios com uma orientação radial e no estrato externo fino, fibras escuras estão imersas em uma matrix menos densa. A outra camada do perisporo é a que forma as cristas equinatas e é constituída de filamentos dispostos em um arranjo compacto. Glóbulos de diferentes tamanhos são observados na superfície. As diferenças encontradas na ornamentação do perisporo e na ultraestrutura do Alsophila estudado previamente e aqueles de Sphaeropteris mostram uma tendência à complexidade da parede.